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Patients may present with headaches, confusion, nausea, and delirium. Hypernatremia occurs when serum sodium levels are greater than 145 mmol/L. Hyponatremia has neurological manifestations. Hyponatremia is diagnosed when the serum sodium level is less than 135 mmol/L. Īmong the electrolyte disorders, hyponatremia is the most frequent. Sodium transport occurs via sodium-chloride symporters, controlled by the hormone aldosterone. In the distal convoluted tubule, sodium undergoes reabsorption. The proximal tubule is where the majority of sodium reabsorption takes place. Sodium is exchanged along with potassium across cell membranes as part of active transport. It is responsible for maintaining the extracellular fluid volume and regulating the membrane potential of cells. Sodium, an osmotically active cation, is one of the essential electrolytes in the extracellular fluid.

High or low levels of electrolytes disrupt normal bodily functions and can lead to life-threatening complications. This article reviews the basic physiology of electrolytes and their abnormalities, and the consequences of electrolyte imbalance.

These electrolytes can be imbalanced, leading to high or low levels. Electrolytes come from our food and fluids. Significant electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonates. Electrolytes are essential for basic life functioning, such as maintaining electrical neutrality in cells and generating and conducting action potentials in the nerves and muscles.

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